Burnish: The Art of Copper Inlay
The art of copper inlay, (Named Burnish) known as “mes o pordaz” in Persian, is one of Iran’s most distinguished forms of traditional craftsmanship. It involves using copper as the primary material to create intricate designs and patterns, often filled with precious metals. This ancient art has a rich history dating back to the Sassanid period and has evolved over centuries, particularly during the Islamic era of Iran.
History of Burnish
Copper inlay has been practiced in Iran for thousands of years. In the Sassanid era, copper was used to create a wide variety of objects, from everyday utensils to decorative items. As Islam spread across the region, the art of copper inlay flourished, particularly during the Seljuk, Timurid, and Safavid dynasties. During these periods, Iranian artisans developed exquisite pieces that combined geometric, floral, and Arabic motifs, reflecting both the aesthetic and cultural values of the time.
Process and Features of Copper Inlay
The copper inlay process consists of several key steps. First, a copper sheet is cut into the desired shape. Then, intricate patterns are etched into the surface using specialized tools. These designs are often filled with precious metals like gold or silver to enhance their beauty and contrast. The use of vivid colors and symbolic patterns is a hallmark of the craft, with many of the motifs carrying cultural, historical, or religious significance.
Steps in Creating Copper Inlay Art
Selecting and Preparing the Copper
The process begins with selecting a high-quality copper sheet, which is then cut into the desired shape or size. The copper must be of excellent quality to ensure it can withstand the delicate engraving process and retain its shape.
Designing and Transferring Patterns
Once the copper sheet is prepared, the artist starts the design phase. In this step, the patterns are carefully drawn onto the copper surface, often inspired by nature, history, or religious themes. The designs can range from geometric shapes to floral motifs, calligraphy, or scenes of daily life.
Engraving or Etching the Design
After the design is drawn, the next step is engraving or etching the patterns into the copper. Using specialized tools and precise strokes, the artist carves the design into the surface. This requires a high degree of skill and attention to detail, as any mistake can affect the final product.
Polishing and Refining the Patterns
Once the engraving is complete, the copper piece is polished to enhance the visibility of the patterns. At this stage, the surface is carefully cleaned, and any excess material is removed, giving the design a refined look.
Filling the Engraved Lines with Precious Metals
In many copper inlay works, the engraved lines are filled with precious metals like gold or silver. These metals are melted and applied to the engraved sections, creating a stunning contrast and adding to the aesthetic appeal of the piece.
Final Touches and Coloring
The final step involves adding color to the piece, especially in the engraved sections or backgrounds. This can be done using natural or chemical dyes to further enhance the design. In some cases, the piece is coated with a varnish or lacquer to protect it and give it a shiny finish.
Applications of Burnish Art
Copper inlay is used to create a variety of items, from decorative plates and trays to jewelry boxes, frames, and even architectural elements. During the Safavid period, this craft reached its peak, with many masterpieces produced that are still considered iconic representations of Iranian culture. Beyond home decor and palace furnishings, copper inlay was also used in religious artifacts and ceremonial objects.
Burnish in Modern Times
Today, the tradition of copper inlay continues to thrive in Iran, with both traditional and modern interpretations of the art. Many contemporary artists still follow the classical methods, while others experiment with new techniques and designs. Copper inlay remains popular in local markets, especially in cities like Isfahan and Shiraz, and attracts art enthusiasts and tourists alike. With the growing global interest in traditional handmade crafts, copper inlay works are also showcased in international exhibitions, bringing Iranian art to a wider audience.
Conclusion
The Burnish is not just a traditional craft but a symbol of Iran’s rich cultural heritage. With its history, craftsmanship, and aesthetic beauty, this art form continues to be celebrated and cherished. As modern generations engage with these traditions, the art of copper inlay remains a living link to Iran’s artistic past, ready to inspire and influence new generations of artists.
